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DevOps is all about CI/CD pipelines that provide a more tangible and realistic way to optimize processes. It helps in building better-quality software applications with more test automation. It implements features, upgrades, and security updates in a robust manner. For example,
Here, you can see how Companies benefit from DevOps implementation and automated workflows, especially in terms of deployment and overall project costs. The popularity of DevOps in such a small time is the key reason this product has many job options and career prospects associated with this software in big corporations.
Adding DevOps skills to your resume can be a ground-breaking factor in how you can excel and improve your job profile. If you still cannot decide what DevOps skills you should learn, you can download the syllabus for a quick idea.
If you are searching for a job as an engineer or a manager in the DevOps field, you need to know these devops interview questions. Learn more here.
If you are looking to attend a DevOps interview recently, here are the most popular DevOps questions and answers to help you in the right way. In this section, we will be discussing DevOps interview questions and answers, including DevOps coding interview questions for intermediates with 2-3 years of experience.
Ans:- DevOps is the new buzz in the IT world, swiftly spreading all through the technical space. Like other new and popular technologies, people have contradictory impressions of what DevOps is exactly. The main objective of DevOps is to alter and improve the relationship between the development and IT teams by advocating better inter-communication and smoother collaboration between two units of an enterprise.
Ans:-Python is used in DevOps.
Ans:-Corporations are now facing the necessity of carrying quicker and improved requests to see the ever more persistent demands of mindful users to decrease the “Time to Marketplace.“ DevOps often benefits placement to occur very profligately.
Ans:-With the passage of time, the need for DevOps is continuously increasing. However, these are the main areas it is implemented in-
Ans:-Agile growth is used as a substitute for Waterfall development training. In Agile, the expansion process is more iterative and additive; there are more challenges and responses at every stage of development as opposed to only the latter stage in Waterfall. Scrum is used to accomplish composite software and product growth using iterative and additive performance. Scrum has three roles:
Ans:-The most prevalent DevOps tools are stated below:
Ans:-Yes, DevOps is considered an agile practice where development is driven by profoundly changing demands of professionals to stick closer to the corporate needs and requirements.
Ans:-DevOps specialists exertion very methodically with Agile development teams to ensure they have a condition essential to support purposes such as automatic testing, incessant Integration, and unceasing Delivery. DevOps specialists must be in continuous contact with the developers and make all compulsory parts of the environment work flawlessly.
Ans:-You can respond to this question by saying, “Incessant Testing permits any change made in the code to be tested directly. This circumvents the glitches shaped by having “big-bang” testing left-hand to the end of the series such as announcement postponements and quality matters. In this way, Incessant Testing eases more recurrent and good class releases.”
Ans:-SSH is a Secure Shell that gives the users a very secure as well encrypted mechanism to safely log into systems and ensures the safe transfer of files. It aids in the process of logging out of a remote machine along with the work on the command line. It helps in securing encrypted and protected end-to-end communications between two hosts communicating over an insecure network.
Ans:-Agile is the technology that is all about software development, whereas DevOps is the technology used for software deployment and management.
Ans:-The Technical assistance features of DevOps can be given as:
Ans:-DevOps is developer-friendly because it fixes bugs and implements new features smoothly and quickly. It is amazing because it provides the much-needed clarity of communication among team members.
Ans:-To manage a successful revision control, you are required to post your code on SourceForge or GitHub so that everyone on the team can view it from there and also there is an option for viewers to give suggestions for the better improvement of it.
Ans:-Here is the DevOps toolchain-
Ans:-Here is a list of the core operations of DevOps:
Ans:-Continuous Integration of Development and Testing enhances the quality of software and highly deducts the time which is taken to deliver it, by replacing the old-school practice of testing only after completing all the development process. This question and many others are important for devops engineer interview questions.
Ans:- A few branching strategies to be used are-
Ans:-The primary objective of Git is to efficiently manage a project or a given bundle of files as they keep on changing over time. The Git tool stores this important information in a data structure kind of thing called a Git repository.
Ans:-The major components of DevOps are continuous integration, continuous delivery, continuous integration, and continuous monitoring.
Ans:-When a Linux-based-server suddenly becomes slow, then you should focus on three things primarily:
Ans:-Cloud platforms that can be used for successful DevOps implementation are given as:
Ans:-It is a software application that helps software developers to work together and maintain the complete history of their work.
Ans:-The significant benefits of using VCS can be given as:
Ans:-Git Bisect helps you to find the commit which introduced a bug using the binary search. Here is the basic syntax for a Git Bisect: Git bisect
Ans:- A build is a method in the source code where the source code is put together to check how it works as a single unit. In the complete process, the source code will undergo compilation, testing, inspection, and deployment.
Ans:-The most important thing that DevOps helps us to achieve is to get the changes in a product quickly while minimizing risks related to software quality and compliance risks. Other than this, there are more benefits of DevOps that include better communication, better collaboration among team members, etc.
Ans:-Etsy is a Company that focuses on vintage, handmade, and uniquely manufactured items. There are millions of Etsy users who are selling products online. At this stage, Etsy decided to follow a more agile approach. DevOps helped Etsy with a continuous delivery pipeline and fully automated deployment lifecycle. This question will help you with devops engineer interview questions.
Ans:-The answer to this question may vary from person to person. Here, you should discuss the experience of how flexible you were in your last Company
Ans:- The answer to this question may vary from person to person. Here, you should discuss the experience of how flexible you were in your last Company.
Ans:- These days, the market window of products has reduced drastically. We see new products almost daily. This provides a myriad of choices to consumers but it comes at a cost of heavy competition in the market. Organizations cant afford to release big features after a gap. They tend to ship off small features as releases to the customers at regular intervals so that their products don't get lost in this sea of competition.
Customer satisfaction is now a motto to the organizations which has also become the goal of any product for its success. In order to achieve this, companies need to do the following things:
Ans:- SSH stands for Secure Shell and is an administrative protocol that lets users have access and control the remote servers over the Internet to work using the command line.
SSH is a secured encrypted version of the previously known Telnet that was unencrypted and not secure. This ensured that the communication with the remote server occurred in an encrypted form.
SSH also has a mechanism for remote user authentication, input communication between the client and the host, and sending the output back to the client.
Ans:- Configuration management (CM) is basically a practice of systematic handling of changes in such a way that system does not lose its integrity over a period of time. This involves certain policies, techniques, procedures, and tools for evaluating change proposals, managing them, and tracking their progress along with maintaining appropriate documentation for the same.
CM helps in providing administrative and technical directions to the design and development of the appreciation.
Ans:- Configuration management (CM) helps the team in the automation of time-consuming and tedious tasks thereby enhancing the organization’s performance and agility.
It also helps in bringing consistency and improving the product development process by employing means of design streamlining, extensive documentation, control, and change implementation during various phases/releases of the project.
Ans:- CAMS stands for Culture, Automation, Measurement, and Sharing. It represents the core deeds of DevOps.
Ans:- Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice that makes sure developers integrate their code into a shared repository as and when they are done working on the feature. Each integration is verified by means of an automated build process that allows teams to detect problems in their code at a very early stage rather than finding them after the deployment.
Ans:- By incorporating Continuous Integration for both development and testing, it has been found that the software quality has improved and the time taken for delivering the features of the software has drastically reduced. Learn this and prepare for devops engineer interview questions.
This also allows the development team to detect and fix errors at the initial stage as each and every commit to the shared repository is built automatically and run against the unit and integration test cases.
Ans:- Continuous Testing (CT) is that phase of DevOps that involves the process of running the automated test cases as part of an automated software delivery pipeline with the sole aim of getting immediate feedback regarding the quality and validation of business risks associated with the automated build of code developed by the developers.
Using this phase will help the team to test each build continuously (as soon as the code developed is pushed) thereby giving the dev teams a chance to get instant feedback on their work and ensuring that these problems don’t arrive in the later stages of SDLC cycle.
Doing this would drastically speed up the workflow followed by the developer to develop the project due to the lack of manual intervention steps to rebuild the project and run the automated test cases every time the changes are made.
Ans:- Few KPIs of DevOps are given below:
Ans:- DevOps mainly has 6 phases and they are:
Planning:
This is the first phase of a DevOps lifecycle that involves a thorough understanding of the project to ultimately develop the best product. When done properly, this phase gives various inputs required for the development and operations phases. This phase also helps the organization to gain clarity regarding the project development and management process.
Tools like Google Apps, Asana, Microsoft Teams, etc are used for this purpose.
Development:
The planning phase is followed by the Development phase where the project is built by developing system infrastructure, developing features by writing codes, and then defining test cases and the automation process. Developers store their codes in a code manager called remote repository which aids in team collaboration by allowing viewing, modification, and versioning of the code.
Tools like git, IDEs like eclipse, IntelliJ and technological stacks like Node, Java, etc are used.
Continuous Integration (CI):
This phase allows for automation of code validation, build, and testing. This ensures that the changes are made properly without development environment errors and also allows the identification of errors at an initial stage.
Tools like Jenkins, circleCI, etc are used here.
Deployment:
DevOps aids in the deployment automation process by making use of tools and scripts which has the final goal of automating the process by means of feature activation. Here, cloud services can be used as a force that assists in upgrading from finite infrastructure management to cost-optimized management with the potential to infinite resources.
Tools like Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, Heroku, etc are used.
Operations:
This phase usually occurs throughout the lifecycle of the product/software due to the dynamic infrastructural changes. This provides the team with opportunities for increasing the availability, scalability, and effective transformation of the product.
Tools like Loggly, BlueJeans, Appdynamics, etc are used commonly in this phase.
Monitoring:
Monitoring is a permanent phase of DevOps methodology. This phase is used for monitoring and analyzing information to know the status of software applications.
Tools like Nagios, Splunk, etc are commonly used.
Ans:- DevOps is a practice or a culture that allows the collaboration of the development team and the operations team to come together for successful product development. This involves making use of practices like continuous development, integration, testing, deployment, and monitoring of the SDLC cycle.
DevOps tries to reduce the gap between the developers and the operations team for the effective launch of the product.
Agile is nothing but a software development methodology that focuses on incremental, iterative, and rapid releases of software features by involving the customer by means of feedback. This methodology removes the gap between the requirement understanding of the clients and the developers.
Ans:- A pattern is something that is most commonly followed by large masses of entities. If a pattern is adopted by an organization just because it is being followed by others without gauging the requirements of the organization, then it becomes an anti-pattern. Similarly, there are multiple myths surrounding DevOps which can contribute to antipatterns, they are:
Ans:- Memcached is an open-source and free in-memory object caching system that has high performance and is distributed and generic in nature. It is mainly used for speeding the dynamic web applications by reducing the database load.
Memcached can be used in the following cases:
Benefits of Memcached:
Some of the drawbacks of using Memcached are:
Ans:- Branching is a very important concept in version control systems like git which facilitates team collaboration. Some of the most commonly used branching types are:
Feature branching-
Task branching
Release branching
The branching strategies followed would vary from company to company based on their requirements and strategies.
Ans:- KPIs stand for Key Performance Indicators. Some popular KPIs used for gauging the success of DevOps are:
Ans:- CBD stands for Component-Based Development. It is a unique way for approaching product development. Here, developers keep looking for existing well-defined, tested, and verified components of code and relieve the developer of developing from scratch.
Ans:- Resilience Testing is a software process that tests the application for its behavior under uncontrolled and chaotic scenarios. It also ensures that the data and functionality are not lost after encountering a failure.
Ans:- A pipeline, in general, is a set of automated tasks/processes defined and followed by the software engineering team. DevOps pipeline is a pipeline which allows the DevOps engineers and the software developers to efficiently and reliably compile, build and deploy the software code to the production environments in a hassle free manner.
Ans:- A DevOps engineer is a person who works with both software developers and the IT staff to ensure smooth code releases. They are generally developers who develop an interest in the deployment and operations domain or system admins who develop a passion for coding to move towards the development side.
In short, a DevOps engineer is someone who has an understanding of SDLC (Software Development Lifecycle) and of automation tools for developing CI/CD pipelines.
Ans:- For this answer, you can use your past experience and explain how DevOps helped you in your previous job. If you don’t have any such experience, then you can mention the below advantages.
Technical benefits:
Business benefits:
Ans:-
Ans:- The most important thing that DevOps helps us achieve is to get the changes into production as quickly as possible while minimizing risks in software quality assurance and compliance. This is the primary objective of DevOps.
However, you can add many other positive effects of DevOps. For example, clearer communication and better working relationships between teams i.e. both the Ops team and Dev team collaborate together to deliver good quality software which in turn leads to higher customer satisfaction.
Ans:- There are many industries that are using DevOps so you can mention any of those use cases, you can also refer the below example:
Etsy is a peer-to-peer e-commerce website focused on handmade or vintage items and supplies, as well as unique factory-manufactured items. Etsy struggled with slow, painful site updates that frequently caused the site to go down. It affected sales for millions of Etsy’s users who sold goods through online market place and risked driving them to the competitor.
With the help of a new technical management team, Etsy transitioned from its waterfall model, which produced four-hour full-site deployments twice weekly, to a more agile approach. Today, it has a fully automated deployment pipeline, and its continuous delivery practices have reportedly resulted in more than 50 deployments a day with fewer disruptions.
Ans:- For this answer, share your past experience and try to explain how flexible you were in your previous job. You can refer the below example:
DevOps engineers almost always work in a 24/7 business-critical online environment. I was adaptable to on-call duties and was available to take up real-time, live-system responsibility. I successfully automated processes to support continuous software deployments. I have experience with public/private clouds, tools like Chef or Puppet, scripting and automation with tools like Python and PHP, and a background in Agile.
Ans:- A pattern is common usage usually followed. If a pattern commonly adopted by others does not work for your organization and you continue to blindly follow it, you are essentially adopting an anti-pattern. There are myths about DevOps. Some of them include:
Ans:- The various phases of the DevOps lifecycle are as follows:
Ans:-
Ans:- KPI Means Key Performance Indicators are used to measure the performance of a DevOps team, identify mistakes and rectify them. This helps the DevOps team to increase productivity and which directly impacts revenue.
There are many KPIs which one can track in a DevOps team. Following are some of them:
Ans:- As we know before DevOps there are two other software development models:
In the waterfall model, we have limitations of one-way working and lack of communication with customers. This was overcome in Agile by including the communication between the customer and the company by taking feedback. But in this model, another issue is faced regarding communication between the Development team and operations team due to which there is a delay in the speed of production. This is where DevOps is introduced. It bridges the gap between the development team and the operation team by including the automation feature. Due to this, the speed of production is increased. By including automation, testing is integrated into the development stage. Which resulted in finding the bugs at the very initial stage which increased the speed and efficiency.
Ans:- AWS [Amazon Web Services ] is one of the famous cloud providers. In AWS DevOps is provided with some benefits:
In this section, we will be discussing interview questions for experienced people having more than three years of experience. Before you go through questions directly, take this quiz first to become a little more confident in your skills.
Ans:- A pattern is used by others, not by organizations and you continue blindly following it. You are essentially adopting anti-patterns here.
Ans:- Remove or fix the commit and push it to the remote repository. This is the most natural style to fix an error. To do this, you should use the command given below: Git commit –m “commit message”
Create a new commit that undergoes all changes that were made in the bad commit. Git revert
Ans:- There are two options to squash last N number of commits into a single commit.
Ans:- Git Rebase is a command that is used to merge another branch to the existing branch where you are working recently. It moves all local commits at the top of the history of that branch. It effectively replays the changes of feature branch at the tip of master and allows conflicts to be resolved in the process. Moreover, the feature branch can be merged to the master branch with relative ease and sometimes considered as the fast-forward operation.
Ans:-Sanity or smoke test determines how to continue the testing reasonably. This is easy configuring a Git repository to run code sanity checking before making commits and preventing them if the test fails. It can be done with a simple script as mentioned below:
#!/bin/sh file=$(git diff -cached -name-only -diff-filter=ACM | grep '.go$') if [ -z file]; then exit 0 fi unfmtd=$(gofmt -I $files) if [ -z unfmtd]; then exit 0 fi eacho "some .go files are not fmt'd" exit 1
Ans:-To get a list of files that are changed or modified in a particular way, you can use the following command: git diff-tree -r{hash}
Ans:--There are three techniques to set up a script every time a repository receives new commits from Push. These are the pre-receive hook, post-receive hook, and update hook, etc.
Ans:-Here are the commands to know in Git if a branch is merged to the master or not. To list branches that are merged to the current branch, you can use the following command: git branch -merged
To list branches that are not merged to the current branch, you can use the following command: git branch –no-merged
Ans:-It is a development practice that requires developers to integrate code into a shared repository multiple times a day. Each check-in is verified with an automated build allowing teams to detect problems early.
Ans:-It improves the quality of software and reduces the overall time to product delivery, once the development is complete. It allows the development team to find and locate bugs at an early stage and merge them to the shared repository multiple times a day for automating testing.
Ans:-These following points you should include answering this question:
Ans:-There are multiple ways to copy Jenkins from one server to another. Let us discuss them below:
Ans:-For taking backup in Jenkins, you just need to copy the directory and save it with a different name.
Ans:-
Ans:-Some popular plugins in Jenkins can be given as:
Ans:-Here are a few steps you should follow to secure the Jenkins:
Jenkins is one of the popular tools used extensively in DevOps and hands-on training in Jenkins can make you an expert in the DevOps domain.
Ans:- It is the process of executing automated tests as part of software delivery to receive immediate feedback within the latest build. In this way, each build can be tested continuously allowing the development team to get faster feedback and avoid potential problems from progressing to the next stage of the delivery cycle.
Ans:-It is the process of automating the manual process for testing an application under test (AUT). It involves the usage of different testing tools that lets you create test scripts that can be executed repeatedly and does not require any manual intervention.
Ans:-The automation testing is significant for the following reasons in DevOps:
Ans:-With continuous testing, all changes to the code can be tested automatically. It avoids the problem created by the big-bang approach at the end of the cycle like release delays or quality issues etc. In this way, continuous testing assures frequent and quality releases.
Ans:-The major benefits of continuous testing tools can be given below.
Ans:-Selenium testing tool is just the best as per my experience. Here are a few benefits which make it suitable for the workplace.
Ans:-These are Regression Testing and functional testing.
Ans:-Two-factor authentication in DevOps is a security method where the user is provided with two identification methods from different categories.
Ans:-It is continuous testing that makes sure that a new service is ready for production.
Ans:-Puppet is a configuration management tool in DevOps that helps you in automating administration tasks.
Ans:-It is a pattern that reduces the risk of introducing a new version of the software into the production environment. It is made available in a controlled manner to the subset of users before releasing to the complete set of users.
Ans:-PTR means pointer record that is required for a reverse DNS lookup.
Ans:-Vagrant is a DevOps tool that is used for creating and managing virtual environments for testing and developing software programs.
DevOps Job Interview Questions and Answers
Lets get into more details about DevOps Interview Questions and Answers. Acquire in-depth knowledge from the questions and answers below.
Ans:-Here are the prerequisites for the successful implementation of DevOps:
Ans:-Here are the essential practices to follow for DevOps success:
Ans:-A SubGit tool helps in migrating from SVN to Git. It allows you to build a writable Git mirror of a remote or local subversion repository.
Ans:-
Ans:-Here is the command to check either your video card can run unity or not: /usr/lib/linux/unity_support_test-p
It will give you a depth of unity’s requirements. If they are met, your video card can run Unity.
Ans:-To enable the start-up sounds in Ubuntu, you should follow these steps:
Ans:-For this purpose, you can use the custom keyboard shortcuts.
To do that, in the command field of a new custom keyboard, type genome –terminal –working –directory = /path/to/dir.
Ans:-You should open the background image and use a dropper tool to select the color at a specific point. It will give you the RGB value for that color at a specific point.
Ans:-To create a launcher on a Ubuntu desktop, you should use the following command:
ALT+F2 then type “gnome-desktop-item-edit-create-new~/desktop,” it will launch the old GUI dialog and create a launcher on your desktop
Ans:-Memcached is an open source, high speed, distributed memory object. Its primary objective is enhancing the response time of data that can otherwise be constructed or recovered from another source of the database. It avoids the need for operating SQL database repetitively to fetch data for a concurrent request.
Ans:-
Ans:-
Ans:-A few highlighted features of Memcached can be given as:
Ans:-Yes, it is possible.
Ans:-Even if one of the Memcached servers fails, data won’t get lost, but it can be recovered by configuring it for multiple nodes.
Ans:-
Ans:-To update the Memcached in case of data changes, you can use these two techniques:
Ans:-Dogpile effect refers to the event when the cache expires, and the website hits by multiple requests together at the same time. The semaphore lock can minimize this effect. When the cache expires, the first process acquires the lock and generates new value as required.
Ans:-
Ans:-These two colors are used to represent tough deployment challenges for a software project. The live environment is the Blue environment. When the team prepares the next release of the software, it conducts the final stage of testing in the Green environment.
Ans:-Containers are lightweight virtualizations that offer isolation among processes.
Ans:-A post mortem meeting discusses what went wrong and what steps to be taken to avoid failures.
Ans:-These are Docker Swarm and Kubernetes.
Ans:-Dokku can be a good option to build a small cloud quickly.
Ans:-These are IT, production, operations, marketing, software development, etc.
Ans:-It is a development practice of extreme programming rules.
Ans:-CBD or component-based development is a unique style of approaching product development.
Ans:-It ensures the full recovery of data in case of failure.
Ans:-Three most important KPIs of DevOps can be given as:
Ans:-Asset management refers to any system that monitors and maintains things of a group or unit. Configuration Management is the process of identifying, controlling, and managing configuration items in support of change management.
Ans:-An HTTP protocol works like any other protocol in a client-server architecture. The client initiates a request, and the server responds to it.
Ans:-Chef is a powerful automated tool for transforming infrastructure into code.
Ans:-A resource is a piece of infrastructure and its desired state like packages should be installed, services should be in running state, the file could be generated, etc.
Ans:-A recipe is a collection of resources describing a particular configuration or policy.
Ans:-The answer is pretty direct. A recipe is a collection of resources, and a Cookbook is a collection of recipes and other information.
Ans:-Modules are considered as a unit of work in Ansible. Each module is standalone, and it can be written in common scripting languages.
Ans:-Playbooks are Ansible’s orchestration, configuration, and deployment languages. They are written in human-readable basic text language.
Ans:-You can use this command to check the complete list of Ansible variables. Ansible –m setup hostname
Ans:-It is a DevOps tool for continuous monitoring of systems, business processes, or application services, etc.
Ans:-Plugins are scripts that are run from a command line to check the status of Host or Service.
Ans:- The core operations of DevOps are application development, version control, unit testing, deployment with infrastructure, monitoring, configuration, and orchestration.
Ans:- DevOps can be considered as complementary to the Agile methodology but not completely similar.
Ans:-
Ans:-The command ‘git pull’ pulls any new commits from a branch from the central repository and then updates the target branch in the local repository.
But, ‘git fetch’ is a slightly different form of ‘git pull’. Unlike ‘git pull’, it pulls all new commits from the desired branch and then stores them in a new branch in the local repository.
Ans:-
Ans:- In order to resolve the merge conflicts in Git, we need to follow three steps:
Understand what happened: It could be because of the same line edit on the same file; it could be because of deleting some files, or also it could be because of files with the same file names. You can check everything by using ‘git status’.
Mark and clean up the conflict: When we open the files using the merge tool, Git marks the conflicted area like this ‘<<<<< HEAD’ and ‘ >>>>> [other/branch/name]’.
Perform commit again and then merge the current branch with the master branch.
Ans:- Forking Workflow is fundamentally different from other Git workflows. Instead of using a single server-side repository to act as the ‘central’ codebase, Forking Workflow gives every developer their own server-side repositories. This workflow is most often seen in public open-source projects.
The main advantage is that contributions can be integrated without the need for everyone to push to a single central repository to maintain clean project history. Developers can push to their own server-side repositories, and only the project maintainer will push to the official repository.
As soon as developers are ready to publish their local commits, they will push their commits to their own public repositories. Then, they will perform a pull request from the main repository, which notifies the project maintainer that an update is ready to be integrated.
Ans:- Both ‘git rebase’ and ‘git merge’ commands are designed to integrate changes from one branch into another branch: just that they just do it in different ways.
When we perform rebase of a feature branch onto the master branch, we move the base of the feature branch to the master branch’s ending point.
By performing a merge, we take the contents of the feature branch and integrate them with the master branch. As a result, only the master branch is changed, but the feature branch history remains the same. Merging adds a new commit to your history.
Rebasing will create inconsistent repositories. For individuals, rebasing makes a lot of sense. Now, in order to see the history completely, the same way as it has happened, we should use merge. Merge preserves history, whereas rebase rewrites it.
Ans:- Automation testing, as the name suggests, is a process of automating the manual process of testing. It involves the use of separate testing tools that let developers create test scripts that can be executed repeatedly without any manual intervention.
Continuous testing is nothing but the process of executing automated tests as part of the software delivery pipeline in DevOps. In this process, each build is tested continuously, allowing the development team to get fast business feedback so that it can prevent the problems from progressing to the next stage of the software delivery lifecycle. This will dramatically speed up a developer’s workflow. He/she no longer needs to manually rebuild the project and re-run all tests after making changes.
Ans:-
For Firefox:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
For Chrome:
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
For Internet Explorer (IE):
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
Ans:-
Ans:- It can be used to execute the same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers concurrently in order to achieve distributed test execution. It allows testing under different environments, remarkably saving execution time.
Ans:- The driver. close command closes the focused Browser window. But, the driver.quit command calls the driver.dispose method which closes all browser windows and also ends the WebDriver session.
Ans:- The way to secure Jenkins is as follows:
Ans:- To create a backup, all we need to do is to periodically back up our JENKINS_HOME directory. This contains all of the build configurations of our job, our slave node configurations, and our build history. To create a backup of our Jenkins setup, just copy this directory. We can also copy a job directory to clone or replicate a job or rename the directory.
Ans:-Jenkins Pipeline can be defined as a suite of plugins supporting both implementation and integration of Jenkins continuous delivery pipeline.
Continuous integration or continuous delivery pipeline consists of build, deploy, test, and release. The pipeline feature is very time-saving. In other words, a pipeline is a group of build jobs that are chained and integrated in a sequence.
Ans:-Every Puppet Node or Puppet Agent has got its configuration details in Puppet Master, written in the native Puppet language. These details are written in a language that Puppet can understand and are termed as Puppet Manifests. These manifests are composed of Puppet codes, and their filenames use the .pp extension.
For instance, we can write a manifest in Puppet Master that creates a file and installs Apache on all Puppet Agents or slaves that are connected to the Puppet Master.
Ans:-In order to configure systems with Puppet in a client or server architecture, we have to use the Puppet Agent and the Puppet Master applications. In a stand-alone architecture, we have to use the Puppet apply application.
Check out the most important Git Interview Questions and Answers now!
Ans:- A Puppet Module is nothing but a collection of manifests and data (e.g., facts, files, and templates). Puppet Modules have a specific directory structure. They are useful for organizing the Puppet code because with Puppet Modules we can split the Puppet code into multiple manifests. It is considered as the best practice to use Puppet Modules to organize almost all of your Puppet Manifests.
Puppet Modules are different from Puppet Manifests. Manifests are nothing but Puppet programs, composed of the Puppet code. File names of Puppet Manifests use the .pp extension.
In this section, we will be discussing interview questions for experienced people having more than three years of experience. Before you go through questions directly, take this quiz first to become a little more confident in your skills.
Ans:- A pattern is used by others, not by organizations and you continue blindly following it. You are essentially adopting anti-patterns here.
Ans:- It is a version control system that tracks changes to a file and allows you to revert to any particular changes.
Ans:- Remove or fix the commit and push it to the remote repository. This is the most natural style to fix an error. To do this, you should use the command given below: Git commit –m “commit message”
Create a new commit that undergoes all changes that were made in the bad commit. Git revert
Ans:- There are two options to squash last N number of commits into a single commit.
Ans:- Git Rebase is a command that is used to merge another branch to the existing branch where you are working recently. It moves all local commits at the top of the history of that branch. It effectively replays the changes of feature branch at the tip of master and allows conflicts to be resolved in the process. Moreover, the feature branch can be merged to the master branch with relative ease and sometimes considered as the fast-forward operation.
Ans:-Sanity or smoke test determines how to continue the testing reasonably. This is easy configuring a Git repository to run code sanity checking before making commits and preventing them if the test fails. It can be done with a simple script as mentioned below:
#!/bin/sh file=$(git diff -cached -name-only -diff-filter=ACM | grep '.go$') if [ -z file]; then exit 0 fi unfmtd=$(gofmt -I $files) if [ -z unfmtd]; then exit 0 fi eacho "some .go files are not fmt'd" exit 1
Ans:-To get a list of files that are changed or modified in a particular way, you can use the following command: git diff-tree -r{hash}
Ans:-There are three techniques to set up a script every time a repository receives new commits from Push. These are the pre-receive hook, post-receive hook, and update hook, etc.
Ans:-Here are the commands to know in Git if a branch is merged to the master or not. To list branches that are merged to the current branch, you can use the following command: git branch -merged
To list branches that are not merged to the current branch, you can use the following command: git branch –no-merged
Ans:-It is a development practice that requires developers to integrate code into a shared repository multiple times a day. Each check-in is verified with an automated build allowing teams to detect problems early.
Ans:-It improves the quality of software and reduces the overall time to product delivery, once the development is complete. It allows the development team to find and locate bugs at an early stage and merge them to the shared repository multiple times a day for automating testing.
Ans:-These following points you should include answering this question:
Ans:-There are multiple ways to copy Jenkins from one server to another. Let us discuss them below:
Ans:-For taking backup in Jenkins, you just need to copy the directory and save it with a different name.
Ans:- The process to set up jobs in Jenkins is:
Ans:-Some popular plugins in Jenkins can be given as:
Ans:-Here are a few steps you should follow to secure the Jenkins:
Read: What Exactly Does A DevOps Engineer Do?
Jenkins is one of the popular tools used extensively in DevOps and hands-on training in Jenkins can make you an expert in the DevOps domain.
Ans:-It is the process of executing automated tests as part of software delivery to receive immediate feedback within the latest build. In this way, each build can be tested continuously allowing the development team to get faster feedback and avoid potential problems from progressing to the next stage of the delivery cycle.
Ans:-It is the process of automating the manual process for testing an application under test (AUT). It involves the usage of different testing tools that lets you create test scripts that can be executed repeatedly and does not require any manual intervention.
Ans:-The automation testing is significant for the following reasons in DevOps:
Ans:-With continuous testing, all changes to the code can be tested automatically. It avoids the problem created by the big-bang approach at the end of the cycle like release delays or quality issues etc. In this way, continuous testing assures frequent and quality releases.
Ans:-The major benefits of continuous testing tools can be given below.
Ans:-Selenium testing tool is just the best as per my experience. Here are a few benefits which make it suitable for the workplace.
Ans:-These are Regression Testing and functional testing.
Ans:-Two-factor authentication in DevOps is a security method where the user is provided with two identification methods from different categories.
Ans:-It is continuous testing that makes sure that a new service is ready for production.
Ans:-Puppet is a configuration management tool in DevOps that helps you in automating administration tasks.
Ans:-It is a pattern that reduces the risk of introducing a new version of the software into the production environment. It is made available in a controlled manner to the subset of users before releasing to the complete set of users.
Ans:-PTR means pointer record that is required for a reverse DNS lookup.
Ans:-Vagrant is a DevOps tool that is used for creating and managing virtual environments for testing and developing software programs.
DevOps Job Interview Questions and Answers
Ans:-Here are the prerequisites for the successful implementation of DevOps:
Ans:-Here are the essential practices to follow for DevOps success:
Ans:-A SubGit tool helps in migrating from SVN to Git. It allows you to build a writable Git mirror of a remote or local subversion repository.
Ans:-Here is the command to check either your video card can run unity or not: /usr/lib/linux/unity_support_test-p
It will give you a depth of unity’s requirements. If they are met, your video card can run Unity.
Ans:-To enable the start-up sounds in Ubuntu, you should follow these steps:
Ans:-For this purpose, you can use the custom keyboard shortcuts.
To do that, in the command field of a new custom keyboard, type genome –terminal –working –directory = /path/to/dir.
Ans:-You should open the background image and use a dropper tool to select the color at a specific point. It will give you the RGB value for that color at a specific point.
Ans:-To create a launcher on a Ubuntu desktop, you should use the following command:
ALT+F2 then type “gnome-desktop-item-edit-create-new~/desktop,” it will launch the old GUI dialog and create a launcher on your desktop
Ans:-Memcached is an open source, high speed, distributed memory object. Its primary objective is enhancing the response time of data that can otherwise be constructed or recovered from another source of the database. It avoids the need for operating SQL database repetitively to fetch data for a concurrent request.
Ans:- The Memcached is useful for
Ans:- The drawbacks of Memcached are:
Ans:-A few highlighted features of Memcached can be given as:
Ans:-Yes, it is possible.
Ans:-Even if one of the Memcached servers fails, data won’t get lost, but it can be recovered by configuring it for multiple nodes.
Read: Periodic Table Of DevOps Tools - A Revolutionary Breakthrough
Ans:- To minimize the Memcached server outages as follow:
Ans:-To update the Memcached in case of data changes, you can use these two techniques:
Ans:-Dogpile effect refers to the event when the cache expires, and the website hits by multiple requests together at the same time. The semaphore lock can minimize this effect. When the cache expires, the first process acquires the lock and generates new value as required.
Ans:-These two colors are used to represent tough deployment challenges for a software project. The live environment is the Blue environment. When the team prepares the next release of the software, it conducts the final stage of testing in the Green environment.
Ans:-Containers are lightweight virtualizations that offer isolation among processes.
Ans:-A post mortem meeting discusses what went wrong and what steps to be taken to avoid failures.
Ans:-These are Docker Swarm and Kubernetes.
Check out questions often asked around Kubernetes during interviews.
Ans:-Dokku can be a good option to build a small cloud quickly.
Ans:-These are IT, production, operations, marketing, software development, etc.
Ans:-It is a development practice of extreme programming rules.
Ans:-CBD or component-based development is a unique style of approaching product development.
Ans:-It ensures the full recovery of data in case of failure.
Ans:-Three most important KPIs of DevOps can be given as:
Ans:-Asset management refers to any system that monitors and maintains things of a group or unit. Configuration Management is the process of identifying, controlling, and managing configuration items in support of change management.
Ans:-An HTTP protocol works like any other protocol in a client-server architecture. The client initiates a request, and the server responds to it.
Ans:-Chef is a powerful automated tool for transforming infrastructure into code.
Ans:-A resource is a piece of infrastructure and its desired state like packages should be installed, services should be in running state, the file could be generated, etc.
Ans:-A recipe is a collection of resources describing a particular configuration or policy.
Ans:-The answer is pretty direct. A recipe is a collection of resources, and a Cookbook is a collection of recipes and other information.
Ans:-Modules are considered as a unit of work in Ansible. Each module is standalone, and it can be written in common scripting languages.
Check out this complete Ansible Tutorial!
Ans:-Playbooks are Ansible’s orchestration, configuration, and deployment languages. They are written in human-readable basic text language.
Ans:-You can use this command to check the complete list of Ansible variables. Ansible –m setup hostname
Ans:-It is a DevOps tool for continuous monitoring of systems, business processes, or application services, etc.
Ans:-Plugins are scripts that are run from a command line to check the status of Host or Service.
Ans:- The core operations of DevOps are application development, version control, unit testing, deployment with infrastructure, monitoring, configuration, and orchestration.
Ans:- DevOps can be considered as complementary to the Agile methodology but not completely similar.
Ans:- The advantage of using Git are-
Ans:-The command ‘git pull’ pulls any new commits from a branch from the central repository and then updates the target branch in the local repository.
But, ‘git fetch’ is a slightly different form of ‘git pull’. Unlike ‘git pull’, it pulls all new commits from the desired branch and then stores them in a new branch in the local repository.
Ans:-
Ans:- In order to resolve the merge conflicts in Git, we need to follow three steps:
Must-Know: Regression Testing Interview Questions and Answers.
Ans:- Forking Workflow is fundamentally different from other Git workflows. Instead of using a single server-side repository to act as the ‘central’ codebase, Forking Workflow gives every developer their own server-side repositories. This workflow is most often seen in public open-source projects.
The main advantage is that contributions can be integrated without the need for everyone to push to a single central repository to maintain clean project history. Developers can push to their own server-side repositories, and only the project maintainer will push to the official repository.
As soon as developers are ready to publish their local commits, they will push their commits to their own public repositories. Then, they will perform a pull request from the main repository, which notifies the project maintainer that an update is ready to be integrated.
Must Read: Kubernetes Interview Questions and Answers.
Ans:- Both ‘git rebase’ and ‘git merge’ commands are designed to integrate changes from one branch into another branch: just that they just do it in different ways.
When we perform rebase of a feature branch onto the master branch, we move the base of the feature branch to the master branch’s ending point.
By performing a merge, we take the contents of the feature branch and integrate them with the master branch. As a result, only the master branch is changed, but the feature branch history remains the same. Merging adds a new commit to your history.
Rebasing will create inconsistent repositories. For individuals, rebasing makes a lot of sense. Now, in order to see the history completely, the same way as it has happened, we should use merge. Merge preserves history, whereas rebase rewrites it.
Ans:- Automation testing, as the name suggests, is a process of automating the manual process of testing. It involves the use of separate testing tools that let developers create test scripts that can be executed repeatedly without any manual intervention.
Continuous testing is nothing but the process of executing automated tests as part of the software delivery pipeline in DevOps. In this process, each build is tested continuously, allowing the development team to get fast business feedback so that it can prevent the problems from progressing to the next stage of the software delivery lifecycle. This will dramatically speed up a developer’s workflow. He/she no longer needs to manually rebuild the project and re-run all tests after making changes.
Must Read: Top Regression Testing Interview Questions and Answers.
Ans:- The process to launch a browser using WebDriver:
For Firefox:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
For Chrome:
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
For Internet Explorer (IE):
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
Ans:-
Ans:- It can be used to execute the same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers, concurrently, in order to achieve distributed test execution. It allows testing under different environments, remarkably saving the execution time.
Read more on : Kubernetes Interview Questions and Answers.
Ans:- The driver. close command closes the focused Browser window. But, the driver.quit command calls the driver.dispose method which closes all browser windows and also ends the WebDriver session.
Find the in depth Git Interview Questions and Answers now!
Ans:- The way to secure Jenkins is as follows:
Ans:- To create a backup, all we need to do is to periodically back up our JENKINS_HOME directory. This contains all of the build configurations of our job, our slave node configurations, and our build history. To create a backup of our Jenkins setup, just copy this directory. We can also copy a job directory to clone or replicate a job or rename the directory.
Ans:- Jenkins Pipeline can be defined as a suite of plugins supporting both implementation and integration of Jenkins continuous delivery pipeline.
Continuous integration or continuous delivery pipeline consists of build, deploy, test, and release. The pipeline feature is very time-saving. In other words, a pipeline is a group of build jobs that are chained and integrated in a sequence.
Ans:- Every Puppet Node or Puppet Agent has got its configuration details in Puppet Master, written in the native Puppet language. These details are written in a language that Puppet can understand and are termed as Puppet Manifests. These manifests are composed of Puppet codes, and their filenames use the .pp extension.
For instance, we can write a manifest in Puppet Master that creates a file and installs Apache on all Puppet Agents or slaves that are connected to the Puppet Master.
Ans:- In order to configure systems with Puppet in a client or server architecture, we have to use the Puppet Agent and the Puppet Master applications. In a stand-alone architecture, we have to use the Puppet apply application.
Check out the most important Git Interview Questions and Answers now!
Ans:- A Puppet Module is nothing but a collection of manifests and data (e.g., facts, files, and templates). Puppet Modules have a specific directory structure. They are useful for organizing the Puppet code because with Puppet Modules we can split the Puppet code into multiple manifests. It is considered as the best practice to use Puppet Modules to organize almost all of your Puppet Manifests.
Puppet Modules are different from Puppet Manifests. Manifests are nothing but Puppet programs, composed of the Puppet code. File names of Puppet Manifests use the .pp extension.
Getting through these interview questions for devops is not enough. You should join the DevOps certification program to master the DevOps skills. We at JanBask Training are here to help you learn all DevOps tools and concepts practically. Take our demo class first to get an idea of instructors and get familiar with the online environment too.
Once you go through the course, it is easy to crack an interview, as we will guide you end-to-end about the most asked interview questions for DevOps and help prepare for real-time job duties & skills to grab a huge salary package as expected by you.
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Comment down below and tell us how you would prepare for these interview questions for DevOps. Or ask away anything you feel regarding interview questions for DevOps engineer or DevOps Career path.
Q1. How do I prepare for DevOps interview experience?
Ans: You have taken a right decision if you want to pursue this career. It has large scopes ahead and you can charm any interviewer with your significant skills in DevOps. If you are wondering how to do that? Juts join a DevOps Online Training and prep for aws devops interview questions. There is no turning back from the success that awaits.
Q2. What important skills required to pursue DevOps job?
Ans: To pursue the DevOps job role, the individuals are required to master in these below technical to personality skills:
One can master these technical skills through a DevOps Certification Course and Training and pass with flying colors after preparing devops interview questions and answers for experienced.
Q3. What Personality skills required for DevOps role?
Ans: These personality traits can help you in each and every field you pursue-
Be a pro in DevOps by preparing for azure devops interview questions.
Q4. How to maintain a growing career in DevOps field?
Ans: Here are few ways how you can keep having an outright uplift in DevOps field:
Q5. How much do a DevOps Professionals make on an average?
Ans: The average salary for a Devops Engineer is $123,472 per year in United States, as per Glassdoor. If you want to earn such lucrative package all you got to do is enroll at DevOps Training Course and prepare hard with interview questions for devops engineer.
Q6. What is the future scope of DevOps job/career?
Ans: With rising demands DevOps is leading the market today. Companies are at their peak by using DevOps teachnology.
You can skyrocket your career with help of devops interview questions and answers for experienced. Learn it all from DevOps Online Certification Training Course
Q7. What are the 5 pillars of DevOps?
Ans: We break DevOps into five main areas: Automation, Cloud-Native, Culture, Security, and Observability. We break DevOps into five main areas: Automation, Cloud-Native, Culture, Security, and Observability.
Be a master of this by joining DevOps Online Certification Training Course. You can memorize it for devops engineer interview question.
Ans: Here are some jobs you can land after DevOps Certification Course and Training
Q9. How can I learn the core operations of DevOps?
Ans: You can learn all about DevOps and prepare for azure devops interview questions by enrolling at DevOps Online Training. Practice all aws devops interview questions through DevOps Training Course and be a game changer in this field.
Q10. What are the 3 principles of DevOps?
Ans:
One can learn all about DevOps via DevOps Certification Course and Training.
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Dec 15, 2022
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Maximiliano Jackson
Thanks, team for such a nice question book! After going through this post I found various questions which I have not covered earlier.
Paul Wilson
The post is quite informative but I felt few answers were too short, I mean they need to be elaborative.
Paxton Harris
Is there any separate post for a Data science interview question? Please let me know!
Paxton Harris
One of my friends posted a link to me, looking for more posts like this. If there are more posts on DevOps interview questions, please share the link.
Holden White
I want to grow my career in DevOps, and I want to join any good training institute for DevOps courses. Please suggest some good options.
Omar Moore
I was seeking some articles for a few days to get the information related to DevOps interview questions and answers. And then my friend shared your article link. It was really helpful
Brian Taylor
I want to pursue my career in DevOps so can your team share some links related to the DevOps certification sample papers?
Caden Thomas
HI, the article is really informative but I wanted to know about the interview questions and answers related to Business Analysts.
Lane Clark
I have just completed my graduation, and I am really confused about which career path to choose for a better future. Can anyone help?
Riley Walker
What is the registration process of joining your institute for career path education?